Italian artists: Giorgio de Chirico

Written by Istituto Galilei on April 16th, 2010

Giorgio de Chirico was a surrealist Greek-Italian painter, who founded the artistic movement of scuola metafisica and who spent part of his life in Florence. This town is, in fact, very important in his painting as we can find it in several of his works, like the first of “Metaphysical Town Square” series  called The Enigma of Autumn Afternoon which was painted after a revelation De Chirico felt in Piazza Santa Croce.

His paintings are expression of an inner reality, which sometimes the artist can see thanks to the revelations; what he represents in his works is a special moment that, being painted, can be relived in time. His dreaming landscapes evoke a haunted, brooding mood, often representing squares, towers, which give to the whatcher an alienating sensation.

He also lived in Paris, where he had many connection with the surrealist poet Guillaume Apollinaire.

Discover your personal painting style and improve it with our drawing and painting courses!

Italian literature: Boccaccio’s Decameron

Written by Istituto Galilei on April 8th, 2010

The Decameron is a collection of a hunred novellas, written by Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio around 1350. Mostly composed by bawdy tales of love in all its forms, this book played an important part in the history of novels. Its title comes from ancient Greek and means literally “ten days”.

The scene opens with a description of the plague, which was invading Florence in that years. Then, the author presents us the main characters, seven young women and three young men, who decide to escape from the plague refuging themselves in a villa outside the city walls. To let the time pass, each member of the group shall tell one story for every one of the ten nights spent at the villa.

One of the women, Pampinea, is elected Queen for the first day. Each day the company’s previous king/queen elects who shall succeed them and nominates the theme for the current day’s storytelling. Each day has a new theme assigned to it except for days 1 and 9: misfortunes that bring a person to a state of unexpected happiness; people who have achieved an object they greatly desired, or recovered a thing previously lost; love stories that ended unhappily; love that survived disaster; those who have avoided danger; tricks women have played on their husbands; tricks both men and women play on each other; those who have given very generously whether for love or another endeavor.

Boccaccio gives introductions and conclusions to each story which describe the days activities before and after the story-telling. These inserts frequently include transcriptions of Italian folk songs.

The work presents many interesting philosophical aspects. Above all, the medieval concept of Lady Fortune who can be good and bad for everyone, who lets people rise and fall continuously in her weel.  Many of the Decameron’s details have a medieval medieval sense of numerological and mystical significance; for example, the seven ladies are believed to represent the Four Cardinal Virtues (Prudence, Justice, Temperance, Fortitude) and the Three Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, and Charity) and the three young men are the classical Greek tripartite division of the soul (Reason, Spirit, and Lust).

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decameron

The masterpieces of the Italian litterature can be analysed and studied according to your wishes in our Italian language courses.

Art history in Florence: the Vasari Corridor

Written by Istituto Galilei on April 2nd, 2010

One of the most beautiful mastepiece Florence can be proud of is the Vasari Corridor, an elevated passageway from Palazzo Vecchio towards Palazzo Pitti, passing through the Uffizi Gallery. Its path covers the Lungarno Archibusieri and Ponte Vecchio, and part of the façade of the Santa Felicita church too. Unfortunatelly, it is mostly closed to visitors.

The Corridor was built in just five months in 1564 by order of Cosimo I de’ Medici and designed by Giorgio Vasari. It was commissioned along with the marriage of Cosimo’s son, Francesco, with Johanna of Austria. Cosimo wanted this corridor in order to move freely between his residence and government palace, avoiding normal streets. At the time it was infact a common  between rich families to feel insecure in public. The meat market of Ponte Vecchio was moved for the occasion because of its smell and in it was replaced by the goldsimth shops that you can still see on the bridge. Furthermore, the Corridor was forced to pass around the Mannelli’s Tower, after the opposition of that family to its destruction.

From the middle of Ponte Vecchio, the Corridor offers a suggestive view of the Arno and Ponte Santa Trinita; the windows that you can see nowadays were built for will of Benito Mussolini. It is also known that Hitler liked the visit to the Vasari Corridor; this fact saved Ponte Vecchio from distruction during the II World War.

In the Santa Felicita church the Corridor has a balcony where the Medici used to follow the mass without mixing with the populace.

In the Vasari Corridor a large and prestigious collection of portraits is showed.

Our art history courses bring you directly where the masterpieces are; take a look on our website!

Italian slang: Spettegolare

Written by Istituto Galilei on April 1st, 2010

This is something that girls and women usually really like as they start to spettegolare (which means “to gossip”) when they are really young!

First with your classmates, then with your bestfriend, but also with the hairdresser and with the shop assistant…everytime is a good chance to spettegolare – to gossip with someone about somebody else! But be careful not becoming too evil…it may cause bad consequences!

Are you interested in learning more Italian colloquial expressions? Take a look to our Italian fully customizable courses, created according to the student’s requests!

Italian recipes: Easter egg bread!

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 26th, 2010

Many typical recipes are prepared in Italy for Easter; peaple are happy to go out and wellcome the sun back in the sky…try to make the easter egg bread and take it for your outdoor springtime lunches!

Ingredients:

1 package Rapid Rise yeast
1.25 cups scalded milk, cooled to room temperature
pinch of salt
1/3 cup butter, softened
2 eggs, beaten
1/2 cup sugar

3.5 cups flour (approximate)
1 egg, beaten with 1 teaspoon of water
6 dyed Easter eggs
sprinkles

Indications:

In a large mixer bowl, combine yeast, warm (not hot) milk, salt, butter, eggs and sugar. Add about half the flour and beat until smooth with dough hook.   Slowly add the remaining flour to form a stiff dough. Don’t worry about how much flour it ends up being, just keep adding until the dough is not sticky anymore.  Knead until smooth with either dough hook attachment or turn out on floured board and knead. Place in a greased bowl, cover and let rise in a warm place until doubled, about an hour.

Punch dough down, divide into 12 pieces. Roll each piece to form a 1 inch thick rope about 14 inches long and, taking two pieces, twist to form a “braid”, pinching the ends,  and loop into a circle.

Place on a greased baking sheet. Cover and let rise until double, about an hour again. Brush each bread with beaten egg wash. Put on the sprinkles. In the middle of each bread ring, gently place an Easter egg, making an indentation with the egg.

Bake at 350 degrees until golden – about 20 – 25 minutes. Cool on rack.

(source: http://italiandish.squarespace.com/imported-20090913150324/2008/3/19/italian-easter-bread.html)

So what are you waiting for? Cook it and surprise everyone!

Are you interested in traditional Italian dishes? Take one of our Italian cooking courses, and choose the menu you want to study!

Italian slang: Avere un chiodo fisso in testa…

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 23rd, 2010

Literally: to have a nail fixed in the head. But don’t worry, not in reality!

Avere un chiodo fisso in testa means to be fixated on something; to have a mania, something that keeps our mind concentrated just on it. It could be something like “Jane thinks always about her boyfriend…she’s fixated on him!”

This is a common Italian slang! Would you like to learn more and more of them? Take a look to our Italian language personalized courses.

Art history and more: Dante’s stone

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 19th, 2010

We all know Dante Alighieri for his importance in the Italian language and literature. During his life he was also a lively character of the Florentine life and in Florence there are many Dantesque places; churches, streets and corners where Dante used to go and to spend his time. It may happen that you can face the place where the Dante’s Stone used to be, and recognize it from a simple marble plate with the inscription “Sasso di Dante” (Dante’s Stone).

It was located in the Duomo square, between Piazza delle Pallottole and via dello Studio. Dante used to sat on that stone, whatching the construption of the Cathedral.

For more information about this curiosity, check the following link (in Italian) – http://firenzecuriosita.blogspot.com/

Discover the secrets of Florence with our guided visits and art history courses!

Italian recipes: Torta pasqualina!

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 16th, 2010

Easter is already approaching! We can feel it in the air…so why not surprise your guests with a special and savoury typical Italian easter recipe? Try to bake the Torta Pasqualina your own!

The Torta Pasqualina finds its origins in Liguria, a region in northeastern Italy. It is mostly made of a green mixture; the most common is swiss chard but you can also use spinaches or arugula. In Liguria they add to the mixture a slightly sour fresh cheese called prescinsena in place of the ricotta. Originally, the Torta was made with layers of filling alternated with paper-thin sheets of pastry: 33 layers of dough were used representing each year of Christ’s life. Also, 12 eggs were added to represent the apostoles. The one we propose here is an easier one,  made with 2 layers of douogh forming a top and a bottom crust. Good luck in the kitchen!

Ingredients for the dough

  • 2-1/2 cups flour
  • 1/2 teaspoon salt
  • 1/4 cup olive oil
  • 1/2 cup water

Ingredients for the filling

  • 10-12 ounces Swiss chard, washed and trimmed
  • 10-12 ounces spinach, washed and trimmed
  • Salt and pepper
  • 1 tablespoon butter
  • 1 medium onion, chopped
  • Pinch of ground cloves
  • 6 eggs, divided
  • 1 cup ricotta
  • 1/2 cup grated Parmesan
  • 1/2 teaspoon dried marjoram
  • Pinch of grated nutmeg
  • 1 tablespoon grated Parmesan
  • Olive oil

To make the dough:
Combine the flour and  salt  in a large bowl. Stir in the oil and 1/2 cup water to make a smooth, non-sticky dough.   Knead just to bring the dough together. Divide the dough into 2 pieces, one three times the size of the other.  Wrap each piece with plastic wrap. Allow the dough to rest for 30 minutes at room temperature.

To make the filling:
Combine the Swiss chard and 1/2 cup water in a large pot. Cover and cook over medium heat until tender and wilted, about 10 minutes. Add the spinach and season with salt.  Cook 5 more minutes or until spinach is wilted.   Drain the greens and allow to cool. Squeeze out as much water as possible from the greens.   Place on a cutting board and finely chop.

In a small saucepan, melt the butter.  Add the onions and cloves. Cover and cook over medium heat until the onions are tender, about 5 minutes.   Remove from the heat.

In a large bowl, beat 2 eggs until blended. Add the greens, onions, ricotta, 1/2 cup Parmesan, marjoram, nutmeg, salt and pepper. Mix well and set aside.

Preheat oven to 375 degrees F.  Oil a 9-inch springform pan.

On a floured surface, roll out the larger piece of dough to a 15-inch circle. Place the dough into the pan, pressing it against the bottom and up the sides.   The ends will overhang the edge of the pan.
Add the filling to the pan and smooth the top. Make four evenly spaced indentations in the filling.   Carefully break on egg into one of the indentations. Repeat with the remaining 3 eggs.
Sprinkle each egg with some of the remaining tablespoon of Parmesan.

Roll out the smaller piece of dough. Cut out a 9-inch circle, using the bottom of the pan as a guide, if desired. Place the dough circle on top of the filling. Trim the overhanging dough to 1-inch.   Fold the dough inside the pan over the edge of the dough circle.   With your fingers, crimp the rolled edge to seal.  Brush the top of the dough with olive oil. Make several small slits in the top crust. Bake for 45 minutes, or until browned.   The top with puff up during baking but will relax when cooled. Cool on a wire rack about 10 minutes before removing the side of the pan. Serve hot or at room temperature.

Wanna learn more typical Italian dishes? Try our Italian cooking courses held by professional chefs!

Italian literature: Eugenio Montale

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 11th, 2010

Eugenio Montale was a poet, journalist and Italian critic who was awarded of the Nobel price in 1975.

Despite his technical studies, he always showed a special attraction to writing and reading; in his young ages, he used to spend the great part of his time between the many libraries of his town, Genova, and also used to follow the University’s philosophy lessons with his older sister.

Montale was a self-taught man; he took inspiration from many Italian previous writers, such as Dante Alighieri, and the places of his life (the Levante, eastern Liguria) were so important in his formation.  During the World War I, he asked to be sent to the front but came back just after one experience.

He didn’t write many works but all of them are very intense. Most of his writing life was devoted to the newspaper Corriere della Sera. He came in contact with some Hermetic poets, but wasn’t an Hermetist. The raise of the fascist regime higly influenced him, who felt detached from contemporary society and found refuge in the solitude of nature, a fact that can be easily recognised in his first poetry collection, Ossi di seppia (Cuttlefish bones). his later works were more dry and ironic. Following, one of his poems:

Bring Me the Sunflower

Bring me the sunflower so I can transplant it
here in my own field burned by salt-spray,
so it can show all day to the blue reflection of the sky
the anxiety of its golden face.

Darker things yearn for a clarity,
bodies fade and exhaust themselves in a flood
of colors, as colors do in music. To vanish,
therefore, is the best of all good luck.

Bring me the plant that leads us
where blond transparencies rise up
and life evaporates like an essence;
bring me the sunflower sent mad with light.

Montale became famous all over the world and gained honorary degrees by the University of Milan, Cambridge, Rome, and has also been Senator-of-life in the Italian senate.

Discover this and many other Italian writers with our Italian language courses – on request, we create special programs for Italian literature.

Italian modern art: Fausto Melotti

Written by Istituto Galilei on March 9th, 2010

Fausto Melotti has been a very influent italian sculpturer and painter, who revolutioned ‘900 plastic art.

Born in Rovereto in 1901, he lived his artistic life in Florence, where he got in contact with many writers and artists of the time and where he could experience first hand the masterpieces of Giotto, Simone Martini, Botticelli and Michelangelo. He kept contact with his hometown, and he had there some important friendships with Fortunato Depero and with the architecht Gino Pollini, who founded the Italian rationalism.

Melotti studied first music, and then decided to devote himself to sculpture. His style changes between different times but always keeps a reseach for shapes and an almost musical rhythm. His link with metaphysical art and in particular with Lucio Fontana is highly recognisable in his work.

His sculpture lies mostly on a “mental” state, and it’s very sinthetic also with the materials used: ceramic, and mostly steel. Everyone of his work is hironic and surreal.

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